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Soil fertility status is important information in soil management. Field studies and laboratory analyzes have been conducted to assess soil fertility status in some dryland areas in Bireuen District, Aceh Province (Indonesia). Soil samples taken from 26 sites in Bireuen Regency represented six types of soil namely Podzolic Haplic (Typic Hapludults), Regosol Humic (Typic Udipsamments), Alluvial Dystrict (Typic Udifluvents), Lithosol (Lithic Udorthents), Gleysol Eutric (Typic Fluvaquents) and Gleysol Humic (Mollic Fluvaquents). Soil samples were taken at the depths of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm, then taken to analyze some soil fertility properties including: pH, organic C, total N, total P₂O₅ and K₂O content (25% HCl extract), available P (Bray II), exchangable cations (Ca-, Mg-, K-, and Na-exch.) and CEC (1N ammonium acetate pH7 method), Al- and H-exchanged (1N KCl extract), and electrical conductivity (EC). The results showed that the soil chemical characteristics in Bireuen dryland varied between soil types, but all the soils ware low fertility. The limiting factors of soil fertility are low soil organic matter (<1.5%), low base saturation (<35%), and low P₂O5 and K₂O content. Soil pH varies from acid to neutral (5.04-7.02), while the CEC values, available P, were varies from low to high. The exchangeable Al and EC values are generally very low. The main key to improving soil fertility status of dryland areas of Bireuen District is to provide ameliorant material in the form of organic matter, biochar, compost, and fertilizers